The majority Conservative government was elected (to their and everyone else's surprise) on 7 May 2015. Only a few days later, in a speech to the FDA union's annual conference on 14 May, civil service CEO John Manzoni signaled the end of "the Francis Maude era".
John Manzoni's Speech
Mr Manzoni said that the last five years – in which Francis Maude had overseen major efforts to sharpen the cross-departmental functions of the civil service and improve its ability to deal with private sector suppliers – had been about tackling Whitehall’s shortcomings. But he said the fresh team at the Cabinet Office now wanted to move to a new phase, with a focus on closer working between the Treasury and the Cabinet Office at the centre of government, as well as across departments.
Mr Manzoni went on to say that Matt Hancock, the new Minister for the Cabinet Office, wanted to see a more "collaborative" relationship between departments and the centre of government. "Our first step was to intervene and this was the Francis Maude era ... There was an intervention in stopping all the bad stuff happening. But what we hadn’t figured out how to do was how to enable the good stuff to happen." There was now a “a dawning recognition” that “the modus operandi of the last five years won’t get us where we want to be ... the good stuff happens when you put great people out in the departments. It doesn’t happen when you put great people in the centre. ... I know we can be more efficient; the question is how do we mobilise the organisation in getting there?
Failure of Efficiency Drive
One of the most high profile failures of the much resented Maude regime was the subject of an NAO report in May 2016. The NAO reported that an attempt to make savings by merging back office services - such as finance and human resources - had cost £4m more than it had saved. Much of the blame was laid at the door of Mr Maude's department, the Cabinet Office, which, as so often, tried to drive through the change programme (a) too quickly and (b) without proper planning, the political timetable having taken precedence over all other considerations. Three large departments - including the Treasury! - had quit the scheme because it wasn't working. And even if there had been net cost savings, one wonders what damage would have been done as a result of senior departmental officials losing direct control of such vital functions.
Matt Hancock's speech
Matt Hancock himself, the newly appointed Cabinet Office Minister (and close ally of Chancellor George Osborne) then delivered an interesting speech Making the Civil Service Work for Modern Britain on 22 May at the Institute for Government. Why interesting? This was mainly because there was a significant list of controversial issues that Mr Hancock did not mention. In particular, there was nothing on:
- Increased accountability of senior officials
- Extended Ministerial Offices
- Ministerial appointment of senior officials such as Permanent Secretaries
Instead, I noted the following:
- His tone was much more friendly and complimentary than that of his predecessor Francis Maude.
- He defined the goals of civil service reform in terms of deliverables that the public would notice, such as a GP appointment when you want one, a good local school and so on.
- He therefore defined civil service reform as 'delivering better services, with strong leadership and good people'.
- He praised the impartiality of the civil service, but stressed that this was not the same as independence or indifference.
- He saw the job of the Cabinet Office as working closely with the Treasury to support as well as challenge other departments.
- He wanted to 'to shift the focus of [civil service] leaders away from the departments they run towards the systems they steer'.
- And he devoted quite a long section of the speech to the need for greater diversity within the civil service:- ' to govern modern Britain, the civil service must become more like modern Britain. What matters is not the bowler hat but what’s underneath it. ... 23% of undergraduates from the top third of universities and 11% from Oxbridge are [from working class backgrounds]. But only 7% of applicants to the Civil Service Fast Stream are from working class backgrounds, falling to just 3.5% of those who are given offers. It’s not good enough. … to work for modern Britain, the civil service needs to reflect modern Britain. This matters, to you and to me, because we all want the same thing: better to serve our fellow citizens and the nation we love. A government machine inspired by timeless values, but with the confidence and flexibility to enact them in everyday working life. A civil service that’s more open, innovative, collaborative, unified, empowering, forward-thinking, flexible – truly national, aspirational, transformational, talent-spotting, nurturing, tech-savvy, diverse and socially mobile. All in the service of a noble task that beats any in the world.
As so often, therefore, both John Manzoni's and Matt Hancock's this speeches had nothing to do with real civil service reform, but the latter did promise continued promotion of greater diversity, good leadership and better management/HR practice. There was therefore nothing in his speech that had not been said by both Ministers and civil service leaders in every decade since the the 1980s. Indeed, approached in this way, it was a bit depressing that Mr Hancock needed to be saying these things when they have been said so often before - but I suppose he had to say something. The full speech is here.
But then ...
... Ministers began to behave in a rather sneaky way. A new Ministerial Code was published which still required Ministers to obey the law, but omitted previous versions' references to the need to obey international law. The Cabinet Office itself did not draw attention to this potentially significant change, but responded, on being challenged, that the previous reference to international law had been unnecessary as it was subsumed within the definition of law.
Equally controversially, and again without consultation or announcement, a new Special Advisers Code was published which for the first time allowed SpAds to convey Ministers' instructions to permanent officials. Again, commentators expressed concern that this apparently minor change in fact fundamentally altered the status of Special Advisers. Indeed, an earlier attempt,to make this change, some years previously, had been abandoned in the face of opposition. A fuller discussion of this issue is here.
External Hiring - The Baxendale Report
In 2014 the Civil Service commissioned Catherine Baxendale to research the issues external hires faced when joining the senior levels of the Civil Service. It made sobering, if not unexpected, reading. Here are some extracts.
[The Civil Service has] considerable strengths. However, many feel that these positives at some point become outweighed by organisational and cultural frustrations, plus financial considerations, and they feel they have to leave. Some comment on the difficulties of assimilation from outside, with previous experience not taken into account or utilised effectively. There are specific retention issues for people who have been brought in to lead change, and who feel frustrated by not being able to deliver the change they were hired to make. There are many comments made on the physical, mental and emotional effort of trying to bring change to a resistant culture. Weighing up this lack of progress and achievement, while working for below market pay, all acts as a driver to leaving.
Resignation rates are higher for external hires (7.6%) than internal people (2.6%) and, while external hires make up just under one-quarter of the Senior Civil Service (24%), they account for almost half of the resignations (46%). Resignation rates increase at more senior levels: external Top 200 members have the highest resignation rates (13.7%) compared to 10.8% for Directors and 5.5% for Deputy Directors.
... there were also serious concerns about the culture. The main criticisms were:
- Resistance to change and a closed mentality.
- Lack of value on operational delivery.
- Process rather than outcome driven.
- Too hierarchical.
The Government seem to have taken the report quite seriously, though only time will tell if this leads to worthwhile change. Culture change is not easy!
Follow these links to read the report and the Government's response.
Review of the Civil Service Policy Profession
Reform's Richard Harries published the above-named report in October 2015. His rather entertaining blog (published in Civil Service World) summarises his rather depressing conclusions pretty well:
What do civil servants really think about the policy profession?
While working for the Reform think tank, Richard Harries was asked to carry out a review of the civil service policy profession, speaking to officials, ministers and secretaries of state. He found some were less than impressed with the state of play...
Launched to great fanfare in 2012, the civil service reform plan pulled together a somewhat random collection of ongoing Whitehall programmes and various ministerial obsessions. One of the ongoing programmes (which had been around since at least 2008) was the development of a “policy profession” and I was commissioned around this time last year to carry out “a broad assessment of improvements in the quality of policymaking” that had resulted.
It was agreed that my report, which was completed in February this year, would be “in publishable format” but that it might not be published given the imminence of the general election. So, not a secret report, but not a public one either.
Now that the civil service reform agenda is officially dead (or, in the words of Sir Jeremy Heywood, “It’s not off the agenda at all. We’re not talking about it – we’re just getting on and doing it.”) it seemed sensible to capture for posterity this fleeting insight into efforts of the coalition government to improve policymaking.
“The worst submissions come from those … who have been shuffled into low priority areas because no-one has been able to find an appropriate exit for them.”
“It is deeply frustrating when you go out with something and then two months later … you see a submission that says there’s this problem, and then it’s sort of, oh, well, we always knew there was this.”
“I have been shocked at the poor quality of writing generally in the civil service – and that is policy documents as well as correspondence … I am the chief proof-reader for [the department].”
The research itself was divided into two halves. The Cabinet Office organised a couple of online surveys to capture the views of civil servants and I was sent wandering around Whitehall with a digital recorder and a list of 15 secretaries of state and senior ministers to interview. In many ways, the result was a sort of 360 degree review of the state of the policy profession. And, as so often with such reviews, the picture that emerged was one where policymakers’ self-assessment didn’t always align closely with those of their main customers:
“I don’t think the programme has been a disaster but it’s nowhere near delivered what ministers were told. And what some officials believe – what I am now told – is there was quite a lot of scepticism elsewhere in the department."
“We do [policy appraisal] pretty badly ex ante because we spend all this money of these estimates and no-one reads them. And they make no difference.”
A particularly valuable feature of the research arose from a serendipitous combination of coalition realpolitik and David Cameron’s preference for a “steady-as-she-goes” style of government. This meant that most of my interviewees had been in post since June 2010 – a term of office which afforded them real insights into the inner workings of their departments. By contrast, those who had moved after the 2013 reshuffle were able to compare two years’ experience in one department with a similar length of time in another.
Combined with the views of policy professionals and frontline operational delivery professionals from the two surveys, this produced a final report stuffed full of fascinating nuggets that go straight to the heart of the ministerial/official relationship. (The top risk highlighted to ministers? “Communications and presentational issues” – although financial, legal and operational risks are also important…)
The complete report is available [here], but I suppose the key takeaway is that, while the core civil service values of integrity, honesty, objectivity and impartiality were held in high regard by the ministers I interviewed, not one was able to identify any specific improvement to the policymaking process.
“One of the irritations of the civil service is that you get people who are just as effective policy makers who are earning 25 grand as on 75 grand.”
“The rotation of people and bodies has got to stop. You’ve got to have serious guys in there that can do the job. And so I think that whole culture of generalisation – you do everything nicely, do it well, you move on up – has got to stop.”
I should give the final word to one of my interviewees – a very well-respected former minister of state – who at the end of the interview commented with admirable honesty: “If you hadn’t told me that the government has a civil service reform plan, I wouldn’t have known.”
2016
The Government published so-called Single Departmental Plans in February 2016 to a chorus of derision. The plans did little more than list what each department hoped to achieve as listed in the election manifesto, without adding a detailed timetable or any discussion of resources and potential obstacles. Their publication was a total waste of time and resources, and one could only hope that it was driven by Ministers rather than officials. (There is further comment in my detailed note 17.)
The NAO report Accountability to Parliament for taxpayers' money was a much more interesting document because it sought to open up for debate the relationship between Ministers and Permanent Secretaries. The NAO's press release noted that "[Permanent Secretaries] appear to lack confidence to challenge Ministers where they have concerns about the feasibility or value for money of new policies or decisions, not least because standing up to Ministers is seen as damaging to a civil servant’s career prospects". This was surely devastating criticism of senior professionals whose overriding duty is to 'speak truth unto power'.
Here are some extracts from the report: (AOs = Accounting Officers - i.e. usually Permanent Secretaries.)
AOs require, as well as a high degree of skill and experience, the right incentives and support to allow them to perform it effectively. However, as the complexity of both policy and implementation has increased over the decades, the balance of pressures on AOs has shifted in a way that potentially undermines accountability to Parliament. AOs now operate in an environment where ministers often perform a more ‘executive’ role in policy implementation and have sought greater involvement in top civil service appointments, while appointing increasingly influential special advisers to act on their behalf. This appears to have tilted the balance so that AOs have greater pressures to give weight to political drivers rather than public value. The increased rigour of backbench committees and greater government transparency have had some compensating effect, but overall there are serious concerns that these developments are steadily eroding AO accountability to Parliament.
We consider that action is needed to rebalance the incentives on AOs, if the checks and balances required by Parliament over taxpayers’ money are to be effective in the modern government environment. To counterbalance the shift towards political drivers, in our view effective accountability now requires that permanent secretaries explicitly exercise their responsibility to Parliament as accounting officers in a more transparent and positive way.
The NAO accordingly recommended that:
HM Treasury should introduce a new requirement on AOs to provide positive assurance about regularity, propriety, feasibility and value for money ahead of key implementation decisions. This would be an extension of existing requirements in Managing Public Money relating to major projects and policy initiatives,3 and would reinforce scrutiny processes by providing assurance that appropriate, informed judgements had been made before public resources were committed. For example, HM Treasury should require for major projects and policy initiatives:
- more explicit sign-off by AOs at certain implementation stages, such as at business case approval and when major changes to project specifications are agreed; and
- AO assessments to be prepared following Treasury guidelines, where AOs have concerns about the regularity, propriety, feasibility or value for money of particular policies. AOs should make their AO assessments available to Parliament and HM Treasury should report regularly on the number of AO assessments, in the interests of transparency.
HM Treasury needs to provide stronger leadership to AOs across government, to fulfil its lead role as the guardian of overall government accountability.
In justifying its concerns and its recommendations, the NAO noted that:
Over the period [1990-2015] there were [a number of] major reforms or projects which raised serious value-for-money or feasibility concerns, but where no directions were requested. ... [Examples of] three instances where there were clear warnings from the then-Major Projects Authority, the [Public Accounts] Committee, other select committees, and/or the National Audit Office about risks to value for money were:- [the Agricultural Single Payments Scheme, The FiReControl project and the National Programme for IT in the National Health Service]. On several occasions, the Committee has specifically said that AOs should have sought directions; for example, on alternative higher education providers, the FiReControl project, the affordability of defence procurement, and the Single Payment Scheme for farm payments.
HM Treasury told us it did not record when AOs raised concerns but stopped short of seeking a direction; hence there were no data on ‘near misses’ in these or other cases. In the view of Margaret Hodge, then-Chair of the Committee of Public Accounts, these cases indicated that the ministerial direction mechanism was not working effectively. She cited the particular case of a decision to enter into a contract for aircraft carrier procurement when the Committee had expressed concerns over the affordability of the defence budget:
“... Somebody should have stopped it at that point, but the Permanent Secretary did not request a letter of direction. We went ahead and, because the money was not there, we delayed the building of those aircraft carriers and probably incurred £2 billion of extra cost. The system [for seeking ministerial directions] that is there at present is not working.”
The evidence suggests the crucial relationship between ministers and civil servants is under strain from a combination of factors, which affects the balance of incentives on AOs. In 2011, the Committee noted that the demarcation between ministerial responsibility for policy and accounting officer responsibility for implementation has blurred, as ministers in successive administrations have taken a closer interest in how their policies are delivered. Ministers may express rm preferences about the detail or timing of policy implementation, which can mean officials are held responsible for implementation decisions not directly under their control. Recent examples of close ministerial involvement in policy implementation include central efficiency measures imposed on all departments, and payment by results schemes in welfare and justice. Ministers have also sought greater influence over appointments to permanent secretary posts, as proposed in the Civil Service Reform Plan, despite concerns about safeguarding the independence and political neutrality of civil service appointments. Since October 2014, the Prime Minister has been able to choose whom to appoint to a permanent secretary job, from a list of appointable candidates.
More information about Ministerial Directions can be found here.
Extended Ministerial Offices
Clare Moriarty, DEFRA's Permanent Secretary, made some interesting comments, in March 2016, on her department's introduction of an EMO. She made it sound as though it didn't amount to much more than a re-branding of the familiar combination of Private Office, departmental strategy unit and small group of special advisers. But she wasn't asked about the distribution of power within the EMO. Who is responsible for ensuring the effectiveness (and proper behaviour) of her 'multiple bridges'?
I have added emphasis in the following extracts from her remarks:
“I think what’s been really interesting is that the EMO has allowed us to access a different group of people who can come in and ask questions – who see the world in a different way,” she says. “In practice, a lot of what they’re looking at are cross-cutting issues. So Ellen was from ODI, and data is a cross-cutting issue. They are specialists but they’re not like special advisers, because special advisers are clearly political. We have great special advisers too, but [the members of the EMO] are just injecting a bit of different thinking. They work very closely with the secretary of state, but they also work very closely with the relevant civil servants. So they sit in the strategy unit.”
...
So fears that EMOs could politicise key parts of the civil service and, in the words of FDA general secretary Dave Penman, “act as a firewall between impartial, evidence-based advice and the minister” are unfounded? It’s clear Moriarty sees no cause for concern. “Our EMO is more like an enriched strategy unit, rather than a turbo-charged private office,” she says.
“It just means that we’ve got a spectrum, from our deep subject matter experts and the strategy unit, to our EMO specialists, private office and special advisers. .... When I was a principal private secretary 20 years ago, the private office was the main bridge. What we’re doing is creating multiple bridges, so the whole thing is more resilient.”
Civil Service Leaders announced a new Civil Service Vision Statement in June 2016. Sadly, however, it seemed pretty identical to many of their predecessors' promises of improved leadership, better skills and so on. And it lacked any supporting detail. A missed opportunity maybe? Or a necessary renewal of a vision that cannot be restated too often?
Here is the full announcement:
The world is changing. And it’s changing in ways that, as a Civil Service, we can’t afford to ignore. Technology is revolutionising how the public buy goods and services and manage other aspects of their lives. They rightly expect to be able to deal with government in the same way - online, on demand, often through a smartphone or tablet. At the same time, the face of society itself is changing – it’s more diverse than it's ever been.
At this year’s Civil Service Live, taking place in five cities across Scotland, England and Wales, we are launching our vision for 'A brilliant Civil Service'. One that is capable of serving modern Britain. One that truly reflects the people it serves and provides opportunity for talented people to fulfil their potential, regardless of their background.
Public trust in civil servants is now at record levels. This is hard-earned. Over recent years you have proved again and again your ability to work more collaboratively, to be more innovative, to deliver more for less – building high-quality services around the needs of users at a lower cost. If we are to become the Civil Service described by the vision we must continue to work in this way.
This vision for the Civil Service of the future, developed with the help of many, has four main elements:
- Improved outcomes – a much stronger focus on the difference we can make for citizens, not just on processes and procedures
- Effective leadership – with confident leaders who inspire and empower colleagues to be the best they can be
- Skilled people – our commitment to building a broader set of skills in the Civil Service, to make us more effective and offer more varied careers that will help us retain and attract the best talent
- A great place to work – creating a truly inclusive environment, in open, modern workplaces, with the technology to get the job done
All supported by the enduring and universally admired values of the Civil Service - integrity, honesty, impartiality and objectivity - which underpin everything we do.
Pretending change isn’t happening is not an option. Keeping pace with it is a necessity. But our vision goes further than this; it is about embracing change, and grasping the opportunities it presents to become brilliant in everything we do.
As leaders of the Civil Service, our job is to help you to do this. We will forge new career paths; increase opportunities for all civil servants; help departments to work more seamlessly together across boundaries; provide more options for individuals to gain experience and learn skills; and create workplaces that are fit for purpose, with modern facilities and up-to-date technology.
That’s what’s in it for you – to be part of the best Civil Service in the world and the most inclusive employer in the country. To be proud of what we do as civil servants every day; and for everyone in the country to take pride in us.
So, join us on this journey. There’s a role for everyone in taking responsibility for improving, exploring development opportunities, doing things differently, and inspiring colleagues. If you haven’t already, come along to the Civil Service Live event nearest you to hear more - after Glasgow, today, we will be visiting Sheffield, Coventry, Cardiff and London. Each one of these is built around the vision's four themes.
Then go out, lead effectively, develop your skills, deliver the best service, and help us become "A brilliant Civil Service" for the country, your fellow citizens and yourselves.
Conversation with Professor Tony King
I and several others met the late Professor King, Author (with Ivor Crewe) of The Blunders of Our Government in early 2016. There was general agreement that:
- Lack of civil service experience not currently the main problem. Problem is over-stretch. 4 year rule does not help. N.B. exceptions such as Treasury Perm Sec.
- Ministers don't understand implications of their civil service cuts decisions. They will not have civil service support when they need it, nor the experience/quality that they need.
- In BEIS, civil servants had decided not to fight the big decision to cut, but to control the detail. Higher Education was a priority. Manufacturing Advisory Service etc. less so. MAS had been subsumed in another program so loss not noticed - other than by consultants!!
- Market-based approach to civil service appointments had led to greater turbulence and less depth of knowledge.
- HMG no longer supplies services, it buys services for others. But it is very poor at procurement.
- Fast stream no longer have career anchor/home department - and 6 month appointments mean they can't work in Private Office.
David Normington's Views
Whilst being interviewed for The Power of Civil Servants, this former Permanent Secretary and Civil Service Commissioner opined that:
[Looking back over the] 'governing marriage' or partnership ... I think that in my early days there was more mutual respect and greater trust and confidence between Ministers and senior civil servants ... there is a trend towards politicians not trusting civil servants and not respecting them quite so much. ... One cause is the 'environment' ... of politics and government Everything moves much more quickly now and there is much less time to reflect and consider. ... It isn't in the nature of the civil servant to do something shoddily which is what they sometimes feel they have to do to meet impossible deadlines. This causes quite some stress but the Minister is under greater pressure than ever to show that the Government in general , and he or she in particular, has made a difference in a short time. ... Government is much harder than it was 40 years ago. Ministers are under relentless public scrutiny ... Judgments about a Minister's competence are immediate and sometimes coruscating. Politics are tough er less courteous. ... implementation - or 'delivery' - has also become more demanding and complex. Governments often bite off too much . Projects go wrong. The arguments about whether the Minister's original objectives or the civil servant's implementation are to blame for failure are often intense.
And then came the 23 June 2016 Brexit referendum and a new Conservative Prime Minister. Subsequent developments are summarised here.